1 selection of hawthorn varieties suitable for cultivation in alpine regions
Variety suitable for local natural conditions is the key to the success of cultivated hawthorn in alpine regions. When selecting a variety, it is necessary to put the cold resistance adaptability in the first place, and also pay attention to the high quality. In a hawthorn orchard, two or three varieties with the same or similar flowering period should be planted in a branch, and the fruit setting rate can be significantly improved by cross-pollination. At present, the hawthorn varieties suitable for cultivation in alpine regions (≥10°C annual effective accumulated temperature 2600～2700°C) are mainly Dawang, Shuanghong and Fushan.
2 method for breeding hawthorn seedlings
The grafted hawthorn must use grafted seedlings. After sowing seedlings with wild hawthorn seeds, when the growth diameter of the seedlings reaches 0.5 cm or more (5 cm from the ground), the grafts of excellent varieties are grafted from July 20 to August 20. It can also be grafted by hard branches before or after the second year of spring and clear or by hard bud method. In order to save economical expenditure, wild young hill seedlings can also be dug back, and planted directly in the production park in the spring and autumn. In the spring, the seedlings can be planted, and the buds can be grafted in July. In the autumn, the wild hawthorn seedlings planted before freezing will be used. Before the freezing, the seedlings must be more than 30cm high in soil culture or the seedlings should be crushed on the ground and buried in the soil. In the second year, the soil is removed before and after the Qingming, and the excellent edible varieties are selected for hard branch grafting. In July, the buds were grafted. The seedlings grafted with hard branches are more than one year earlier than the seedlings grafted by the shoots, and the cost of buying seedlings can be saved.
3 cultivation techniques
In the plain fertile land, the plant spacing is 4mx4m or 5m4m. In the hilly land and on the hillside, the plant spacing is 4mx4m or 4m3m. Whether it is the hillside sun or the east slope or the southeast slope to the ground, it must be north-south, which is favorable for ventilation and light transmission between the mountains.
The seedlings are burrowed before planting. The fertile land of the soil is 50cm50cm50cm in length, width and depth. It can be enlarged to 70cm70cm and 50~60cm deep in the soil. Before planting, it must be backfilled with fertile and fertile soil and farmyard manure to ensure adequate nutrition in the early stage of seedling growth. For the 1 to 2 year old tree, we must strengthen the field management and do everything possible to ensure that the seedlings survive. In the summer, we must weed the loose soil in time, and when it is dry, it is necessary to replenish water in time. Before the freezing, the tree should be white or bundled with grass or cultivated to protect the young trees so that they can survive the winter safely. Hawthorn trees are rarely used for flower thinning and fruit thinning. The load per plant is large, and the technical measures of fertilizer and water and other technical measures will affect the normal development and growth of fruit trees. The management in the growth period mainly includes: cultivating the vacant land every year, and cultivating the tree slabs in 1-2 years. It is best to apply the farmyard manure before ploughing and then plough. Farmhouse manure is best for poultry manure and pig manure, deer feces, grass ash, hair, and bird feathers. Rational application of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the later stage, and trees of more than 10 years old, in the first half of May, apply 250g of urea per plant to supplement the nutrients needed for tree growth and fruiting. In mid-July, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers of each plant were mixed 400-500g in 2:4:4 to promote fruit enlargement and improve fruit quality. The fertilizer should be dispensed in ten holes (pits), and the hole (pit) should be no less than 15 cm deep. The distance between the fertilization hole (pit) and the tree is 80-100cm. After fertilization, the soil is covered, and the water is immediately poured under conditions to accelerate the dissolution of the fertilizer and promote the root system to absorb the fertilizer as soon as possible. In the summer, you should cut off the useless branches and dead branches at any time. For some side branches that are not open enough, they must be pulled with a rope or supported by a wooden stick to reach the desired angle.
4 pest control
The pests of hawthorn are mainly leafhoppers and peaches. Leaf mites mainly harm young shoots, young leaves, and flower buds. Select targeted pesticides during the occurrence period, and use them according to the instructions. Peach small heartworm can make the fruit lose its edible value, resulting in a substantial reduction in production. The occurrence of the heartworm is related to the temperature and moisture at that time. The occurrence and deworming time can refer to the occurrence of the heartworm on the apple tree and the pear tree. The pesticides such as Tao Xiaoling, phoxim and dichlorvos can be used for prevention and control.
5 plastic trim
The plastic trimming of hawthorn trees basically uses the plastic trimming techniques of pear, apple and plum trees, and peach trees. When the evacuation layered shape is adopted, it is roughly the same as the plastic trimming method of apple tree and pear tree; when the multi-main branch natural round head shape or natural happy shape is adopted, the shaping and pruning methods of plum tree and peach tree are basically the same. Hawthorn trunks are weak, and the center is easy to tilt, dry, or partial. Trees that have been born for more than 10 years are often adjusted by replacing the extension branches of the center once the center is weak or dry. When the center is seriously inclined to tilt and is not easy to cultivate, it should be followed by its natural growth, remove the center stem, and change to a natural happy shape. The whole tree has 3 to 4 main side branches. At this time, the tree shape is exactly the same as peach trees and plums. The tree's plastic trimming method. Hawthorn is not properly trimmed, and it is easy to cause the result to move up. In order to stabilize the yield and maintain a good tree shape, the resulting female branches should be retracted in turn when trimming. When rejuvenating the branches that have been sag for many years, they should be retracted in the 3 to 5 year old branches. In the New Year, it is necessary to remove the mother branches, so that the ratio of the resulting mother branches to the developmental branches is kept at a minimum of 1:1 (or 2:1), and at the same time, the buds are re-cut, and some flower buds on the weaker branches are removed. . When the canopy is closed, it is necessary to sparse or retract some large branches, and cut off some of the developmental branches to make the whole tree ventilate and transmit light.
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