Potato fertilization technology How to fertilize potato, potato is also called potato, how to fertilize potato ? Potato fertilization is generally based on organic fertilizer, appropriate application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, at the same time, application of medium and trace element fertilizer can also increase The yield improved the quality, and the potato was a potassium-producing crop. The application of potassium fertilizer had an obvious effect on the yield increase, and the potassium sulfate effect was better. The experiment showed that the effects of nitrogen and potassium on the potato yield showed obvious interaction .
Boron and magnesium fertilizers have obvious yield-increasing effects on potatoes. The effective boron content in soil is 0.6-0.66 mg/kg, which can be used as a critical range for potential boron deficiency in potato soil. Applying 3 kg of magnesium sulfate per mu can alleviate browning symptoms in stems and fruits.
The amount of fertilizer applied is 300-500 kg of organic fertilizer, 6-7 kg of pure nitrogen, 4.5-5.5 kg of phosphorus penta-nitride, and 8-9 kg of potassium oxide. During the fertilization period, the nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in stages, using the combination of base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and topdressing to meet the nitrogen requirements of the potato in each period. Phosphate fertilizer is generally used as base fertilizer or seed fertilizer. If it is used as top dressing, it should be applied deeply, but its fertilizer efficiency is still not high. The application period of potash fertilizer can be used as the base fertilizer type fertilizer, or it can be applied later in the south.
Fertilization method, base fertilizer multi-purpose organic fertilizer 300-500 kg with compound fertilizer 15-20 kg mixed application. The specific method is: one autumn application, that is, before the autumn tillage, the organic and chemical fertilizers are scattered on the surface, and then the tillage is carried out to fully mix the fertilizer with the soil. The second is spring application, which is applied to the surface before the spring ploughing, and then ploughed. The third is the application of fertilizer, which is applied directly to the seeding ditch during sowing.
Topdressing should be combined with the reasonable growth period of potato growth. The time can be selected in the seedling stage, the bud stage and the initial stage. Each fertilizer should be applied with different fertilizers, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Generally, the seedling stage and the bud stage can be applied with nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, and 25 kg of ammonium sulfate and 20 kg of diammonium phosphate and 20 kg of potassium sulfate per acre. In the bud stage and the initial flowering stage, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied, and 10 kg of diammonium phosphate and 15 kg of potassium sulfate are used.
Never use nitrogen fertilizer after the initial flowering period, so as not to cause stems and leaves to grow. Affect the transport of nutrients to the tubers. Medium-micro-fertilizers such as borax and magnesium fertilizers are generally sprayed at the beginning of flowering stage, once every 7 days, three times in succession. The concentration is controlled at 0.05% borax and 0.5% magnesium sulfate.
Potato fertilization principle
The growth period of potato cultivation is generally 120-130 days. It was observed that the seedlings appeared 30 days after sowing, and the buds bloomed after 60 days. The potato requires the most potassium for the three elements in life, followed by nitrogen and less phosphorus. The flowering period of the bud is the peak of absorption. For each 500 kg of tubers produced, it is necessary to absorb 2.5-3.0 kg of nitrogen, 1 kg of phosphorus, and 4-5 kg ​​of potassium. According to the growth law of potato, we put forward the principle of fertilization in the pre-promotion, middle control and post-protection.
In the early stage, the potato should be as early as possible to produce fast-growing, multi-branched, and form a certain high-yield seedling frame. 90% of the fertilizer will be applied within 60 days after emergence; the mid-term control of stem and leaf growth will not allow it to grow wild, prompting it to be transferred into the underground tubers to form and expand, and the leaf color can not be prematurely yellowed in the later stage to maintain the photosynthesis efficiency of the leaves; More nutrients are produced for underground tubers to expand. Potash is mainly applied to fertilization, and nitrogen fertilizer is appropriately applied. The fertilizer should be completely applied 30 days from the harvest period.
Fertilization dosage The potato is grown in the south and north of China, and the soil fertility is very inconsistent. In the southern soil, there is more potassium deficiency. Potassium fertilizer should be added. In the north soil, there is more phosphorus deficiency. Phosphate fertilizer should be added. However, the demand for potassium in potato should be emphasized. The experiment shows that the suitable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the production of potato: N?P2O5?K2O in the northern region is 1?0.45~0.55?0.45~0.55, with an average of 1?0.5?0.5;
The southern region is 1?0.25~0.35: 0.85~0.95, with an average of 1?0.3?0.9. If the potato is 1500 kg per mu, and the nitrogen fertilizer (N) is generally required to be 8 to 12 kg, the average fertilization amount of N-P2O5-K2O in the northern region is 10-5-5 kg ​​in the southern region is 10-3-9 kg. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer: less land or farmer's fertilizer, should be upper limit, fertilizer or farmyard fertilizer, should be lower limit.
Potato nutrition and fertilizer characteristics
Nitrogen makes the stems and leaves grow lush, the leaves are dark green, the photosynthesis is strong, the accumulation of organic matter is increased, and the protein content is increased. If there is too much nitrogen fertilizer, especially in the late stage of production, the plant will be long, the tissue will be tender, the tuber will be delayed, and the yield will be reduced. Phosphorus promotes robust growth, improves tuber quality and storability, and increases starch content and yield. If the phosphorus is insufficient, the plants and leaves are short, the photosynthesis is weakened, the yield is reduced, and the potato pieces are prone to hollow, rust, hardening, and not easy to be boiled, which affects the eating quality.
Potassium can improve the disease resistance and cold tolerance of plants, accelerate nutrient transport, and increase the content of starch and vitamins in tubers. If potassium is insufficient, the growth is inhibited, the aerial part is dwarfed, the internodes become shorter, the clusters are dense, the leaves are dark green and gradually turn into bronze, the leaf margins are brown and dead, and the potato pieces are mostly elongated or spindle-shaped. Part is grayish black.
Boron is good for potato tubers and can prevent cracking. It has a special effect on improving the net photosynthetic productivity of plants.
Copper can increase protein content and increase plant respiration. Increasing chlorophyll content, delaying leaf senescence and enhancing drought resistance have a good effect. At the same time, it also has the effect of increasing the net photosynthetic productivity of plants.
Potatoes absorb the most potassium fertilizer during the growth period, followed by nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer. The various ingredients are different in different growth stages of the potato. Nitrogen is most abundant from the time of germination to the beginning and the beginning of flower buds. The phosphorus content decreases with the extension of the plant growth period. The potassium content is low at the time of germination, and increases rapidly after germination, but decreases after the flowering period. Both magnesium and calcium tend to increase with prolonged growth.
The nutrients in the stems and leaves move to the tubers as they begin to expand. The inorganic components of nitrogen and potassium in the tubers account for 70% of total absorption, phosphorus accounts for 90%, calcium accounts for 10%, and magnesium accounts for about 50%. Potato fertilization levels should be determined based on soil fertility, fertilization capacity, and yield indicators.
The balanced fertilization test showed that on the basis of applying 2500 kg of organic fertilizer and 150 kg of straw organic fertilizer per acre, the optimal ratio of the three elements was N:P2O5: K2O was 1:0.4:1.2, and the application of nitrogen in the muddy field was 16 kg. It can reach 2000-2200 kilograms; the field of gray muddy field, gray sand muddy field or other fertile soil will apply 12-14 kilograms of pure nitrogen and the yield will be 1800-2000 kilograms.
Fertilization measures according to the characteristics of fertilizer absorption
Potato fertilization is based on base fertilizer, which generally accounts for 60%-70% of the total fertilizer. By applying the base fertilizer, the yield can be increased by 5%-8%. The base fertilizer is applied in combination with soil preparation or soil cover. After sowing, it is covered with 2000-2500 kg of organic fertilizer per acre, and then covered with 150 kg of straw. After 3 days, the total fertilization amount of 50% of nitrogen fertilizer, 40% of potash fertilizer and 100% of phosphate fertilizer were applied, and 2 kilograms of sulfur was applied per acre at the same time. The fertilization method was mainly applied to the strip, and then the soil was covered.
The organic fertilizer has a wide source, convenient materials and full nutrients. It is an ideal potato organic fertilizer and cover material. Covering with straw not only increases the permeability of the soil, but also makes the surface of the formed potato cake smooth and shiny, improves the appearance of the potato, and increases the organic matter content of the soil after decay.
Nitrogen fertilizer should not be too late in topdressing, especially in the later stage, to avoid the growth of stems and leaves and affect tuber swelling and quality. In the middle and late period, potassium fertilizer is the main method. It can be divided into 2-3 times of application. When the seedlings are used, the first top dressing is carried out to promote early growth and increase the photosynthesis area. At this time, nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 30% of the nitrogen application rate, and potassium fertilizer accounts for 20% of the total potassium application. The water is applied to the water, and the shallow water layer is left at the bottom of the ditch, and should be drained immediately after application.
At the time of the bud, the second top dressing is carried out to promote the continuous growth of the stems and leaves, and increase the area of ​​photosynthesis, which is conducive to the expansion of the tuber. This top dressing is generally applied to 20% of total nitrogen application and 40% of total potassium application. The top dressing should be carried out in the afternoon. The fertilizer should be prevented from being stained with the leaves. Immediately after the application of the fertilizer, the water should be sprayed to accelerate the dissolution of the fertilizer, and the blade should be cleaned. The experiment showed that the increase of potassium fertilizer in the late stage could not only increase the yield by 3%-6%, but also increase the commodity authentic rate by 2%-3% compared with the control.
After the seedling fertilization, the per mu of the seedling potential should be supplemented with 4-5 kg ​​of imported compound fertilizer. Potatoes require a large amount of medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur. In order to improve the quality, it can be combined with pest control to carry out root dressing. The mu is sprayed with 200 g of 400 g of high-grade foliar fertilizer, and the high-nitrogen type is used in the early stage. In order to increase the chlorophyll content and improve the photosynthesis efficiency, the high-potassium type is sprayed once every 7-10 days to prevent premature aging and accelerate the accumulation of starch.
According to the growth period, the selection of fertilizer varieties and the application of the base fertilizer can promote the flourishing of the early stage of the potato and the development of the root system. Generally used fertilizer: nitrogen fertilizer is mainly based on urea. The urea is mild and not easy to burn the seedlings and roots. After being applied to the soil, it needs to be decomposed and converted into ammonium bicarbonate before being absorbed by the crop. Phosphate fertilizer is suitable for superphosphate. It not only contains phosphorus, but also contains medium elements such as sulfur and calcium. Potassium fertilizer uses potassium chloride. When fertilizing, three kinds of fertilizers can be mixed together and applied to the sputum.
The first top dressing can be carried out by using ammonium bicarbonate plus superphosphate to apply water. When fertilizing, the ammonium bicarbonate should be fully dissolved to avoid excessively high concentration of the bottom of the barrel to burn the leaves. In the middle and late stages, urea, potassium chloride or imported compound fertilizer is used in combination.
At present, most farmers use compound fertilizers in the selection of fertilizers. The whole cultivation process uses a compound fertilizer with a nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium ratio of 16:16:16. Although the compound fertilizer is highly effective and easy to use. However, the price is higher, the production cost is increased, and the ratio is unreasonable. In particular, the phosphorus content is too high, and the crop absorption is not completely retained in the soil, causing waste and polluting the environment.
Spraying manganese, zinc and iron fertilizer on the leaves during the potato period and the bud stage can prevent the yellowing of the leaves and increase the yield. Boron has a special effect on promoting the transportation and development of carbohydrates in plants. For example, there is boron deficiency in the soil. The tuber can be immersed in 0.01% borax solution to increase the yield. Potato fertilization standards: For every 1,000 kilograms of potato produced, 3.1 kg of nitrogen, 1.5 kg of phosphorus, and 4.4 kg of potassium are required.
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