Potato is a kind of economic crop that is suitable for food and food. It is rich in nutrients, wide in adaptability and has great potential for increasing yield. Spring potato is produced by pollution-free, high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques. The yield of 667 square meters can reach 2500kg, and the highest can reach 3500kg. The planting efficiency is extremely remarkable. However, there are also many problems in production, such as poor quality of seed potatoes, serious deterioration of varieties, and low management level, resulting in low yield and low efficiency. In view of the problems in production, the pollution-free, high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques of spring potato are introduced as follows:
1, variety selection
The potato is a cool crop. When the local temperature exceeds 25 °C, the tuber expands slowly, and when it exceeds 30 °C, it stops expanding. In the Central Plains region, spring is suitable for potato growth in a short period of time (from late February to mid-June). Therefore, it is necessary to use early potato, fast expansion of potato tubers, short dormancy, strong resistance, disease resistance, degradation, high yield and quality. Early maturing varieties. The early-maturing high-yielding varieties suitable for cultivation in the Central Plains include Zhengshu No.5, Zhengshu No.6, (Yudong No.1 and No.2), and Feiwurui (Detox No.1). The amount of seeds used is about 120kg per 667 square meters.
2, seed potato treatment
Warm seed diced spring potato production, need to be diced and planted. Before cutting, the seed potato should be placed in the indoor temperature or temperature of 12-15 °C for warming treatment for 5-7 days, prompting the seed potato to quickly release dormancy and bud eye germination. About 25d before sowing, the dicing was carried out according to the size of the potato pieces. The method is: potato pieces below 25g, only the umbilical tail can be cut to stimulate germination; 25~50g potato pieces, 2 pieces longitudinally, using top buds, strong growth potential; 80~100g potato pieces can be up and down Cut into 4 pieces; the larger potato pieces are cut from the tail, cut to the middle and upper part, and then cross-cut; the large potato pieces can also be cut vertically and vertically, and then cut in pieces from the umbilical tail. Requirements: Cut about 45 pieces per kg of potato, and require the size of the cutting block to be uniform; each piece should keep at least one bud, the incision should be as close as possible to the bud eye; the cutter should be fast, thin and clean. When cutting to sick and rotten potatoes, soak them in 5% potassium permanganate solution or 75% alcohol for 12 minutes or scrub. After cutting, spread the seed in the leeward sun, dry the incision and make the wound heal.
Germination to treat germination after wound healing:
Indoor germination: put the dried seeds into the sputum, cover with moist sacks, keep 15 ~ 18 ° C;
Outdoor germination: choose leeward sun to build Yangshuo germination, 畦 width 1m, length depends on the amount of seeds, 畦 畦 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Potato, then sprinkle a layer of wet sand, so you can put 2 layers of seed potatoes, do not pile too thick, to prevent rotten species. Cover the film on the film at night, cover it at 5 o'clock in the morning and cover it at 5 o'clock in the afternoon to ensure sufficient light. The temperature inside the crucible should be kept at 15-18 °C.
3. Plot selection and fertilization preparation
Choose flat terrain, convenient drainage and irrigation, deep soil layer, fertile loam soil for potato production, avoiding continuous cropping with Solanaceae crops. Potatoes are high-yield crops that are fertile and fertilized. It is necessary to adopt a balanced fertilization method based on organic fertilizers, combined with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micro-fertilizers. For example, 667 square meters produce 2500 ~ 3000kg of field, the fertilization standard is: 667 square meters of high-quality ring fertilizer 5 ~ 6 cubic meters, potato special compound fertilizer 50 ~ 75kg or diammonium phosphate, urea, potassium sulfate each 25 ~ 30kg, sulfuric acid 1kg of zinc and 0.5kg of borax. The farmyard manure is combined with the ploughing and land preparation, and is fully mixed with the tillage layer, the fertilizer is used as a seed fertilizer or top dressing, and the ditch is applied at the time of sowing. If mulching cultivation is used, the fertilizer used should be applied as a base fertilizer once; in the open field cultivation, 25 kg of compound fertilizer, 15 kg of urea or 40-50 kg of ammonium bicarbonate should be left. When the seedlings are about 80%, the top dressing should be applied as top dressing. After the application, deep tillage is carried out, and the depth of cultivation is about 20 cm to 30 cm. After ploughing, the soil is sized to a moderate size.
4, sowing
Sowing at the earliest possible time: The effective growth period suitable for potato growth in the Central Plains is only 60-70 days in spring. It is necessary to select early-maturing varieties to plant seeds as early as possible to produce high quality, high yield and high efficiency. General requirements: Seeding begins when the soil temperature is 10 cm at a temperature of 7 to 15 °C. The cultivation of Yangshuo and small arch sheds in the Central Plains area was carried out at the end of January and early February, and the mulching film covered early maturing cultivation before the end of February; the spring dew cultivation was planted in early March.
Deep enough to broadcast: If the bottom is not enough, it is best to water the soil before planting again to ensure that the seedlings are fully planted. Low temperatures in early spring to air drying, the use of easy cultivation earth, it should be deep sowing, Zheng potato V, VI sowing depth is 10cm, Favorita is 12 ~ 15cm.
Cultivation mode and planting density: Early spring potato cultivation should be carried out by mulching cultivation, small arch shed or greenhouse cultivation. Potato production in the Central Plains area is ridged and cultivated. It should be planted on the sunny slope and planted on the west or south side of the slope. Planting 5,000-6,000 plants per 667 square meters, planting ridge height 15-20cm, row spacing 60×20~25cm, planting ridge distance 1m, ridge width 60cm, ridge height 15-20cm, large row spacing 60~70cm , small line spacing 40 ~ 30cm, plant spacing 27 ~ 30cm. Potatoes can be interplanted with corn, cotton, watermelon, etc.
Seeding method: It should be selected after the cold current and the temperature rise, and the east and west rows should be planted on the sunny slope; the fertilizer should be applied along the seeding ditch before planting, and the fertilizer should be mixed with the soil to ensure that the seed potato does not directly contact with the fertilizer. Anti-burning seedlings; seeding long and short buds separately so as to prevent seedlings from seedlings after emergence; seeding depth is suitable for variety, appropriate suppression after sowing, eliminating large sputum, using tweezers to gently rub the surface or swept the surface after laminating .
5, field management
In the spring, the potato is only about 65d from the emergence to the harvest. It is necessary to form strong and lush stems and leaves, and to accumulate a large amount of nutrients to form tubers. It is very important to strengthen the field management. The promotional control of the former should master the principles, technology management should be timely, Zhuazao, grasping thin, early cultivators, fertilizer early, early watering. Promote early-onset seedling trees, thrive. After flowering depending on the weather, moisture, branches and leaves grow, as appropriate, fertilizer, small water ground water, trees attack and promote potato, potato to control trees, trees grow up and down the potato coordination, prevent premature aging or leggy stems and leaves late.
Seedling stage: 30 days after planting, the seedlings can be seeded. It is not suitable for irrigation before emergence. It is too dry, and can be poured with small water. When the seedlings are unearthed for about 80%, the first cultivating and weeding and topdressing and fertilizing the soil should be carried out. 667 square meters of 40-50kg ammonium bicarbonate, sprinkle into the ditch, carry out deep-cultivation and soil cultivation, timely watering after topdressing; as long as the seedlings are lame, the seedling period should be less watering to increase the ground temperature, promote roots, promote seedlings, Promote early emergence of the tree, at this time should pay attention to timely control of aphids, combined with the growth of the ridge before the ridge, 667 square meters can be traced potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer 10 ~ 15kg, while the last cultivating and weeding high-cultivation soil, cultivated into a wide and high ridge . The mulch film is covered with a detachable film for cultivation, and the planting is deep without cultivating the soil.
Potatoing period: from late April to early May, 25 days after emergence, entering the bud stage (also known as the group period when 7 to 8 leaves), the potato pieces begin to expand, at this time, soil cultivation, watering, prevention and control of mites, prevention Late blight and so on. In the early flowering period in mid-May (about 16 leaves), the potato enters a rapid expansion period. At this time, it is necessary to pay attention to timely spraying and preventing late blight. After that, according to the lyrics, timely watering should not be lacking. The small water should be used to ensure the soil is moist. It is advisable to see the wetness of the ground and avoid flooding. It is strictly forbidden to use paclobutrazol during the growing season of the potato. The soil moisture content is maintained at 60-80% throughout the growing season. When there is more rain before harvest, it should be drained in time, and there should be no water in the field. Watering should be stopped about 7 to 10 days before harvest to prevent the rotten potato in the field from being conducive to storage.
6. Pest control
In accordance with the principle of “prevention first, comprehensive prevention and controlâ€, we must adhere to the principle of comprehensive prevention and control of “combination of agricultural prevention, physical control, biological control and chemical preventionâ€. In the spring, potato diseases include viral diseases, late blight, and scabs. The pests include aphids, tigers, crickets, sassafras, and leaf miners.
(1) Viral disease is the main cause of potato species degradation and yield reduction, and should be focused on prevention and treatment.
Selection of resistant varieties and virus-free seed potatoes: detoxification Zhengshu No.5, detoxification Zhengshu No.6, Detoxification No.1 (detoxification Feirui), etc.;
Adjust the sowing date of harvesting: early harvesting in early spring, avoiding the peak of locust migration, reducing the damage and spread of mites, and avoiding the effects of high temperature.
Control virus-transmitting insects: aphids, whitefly, sassafras, etc.;
It was found that the susceptible plants should be removed immediately and closed with the agent around them.
Chemical control: Spray sugar + vinegar + wine + goat milk mixture at the beginning of the disease, or 1.5% Phytophthora II emulsion 1000 times solution, or Tianfengsu + zinc sulfate + human ribavirin + goat milk mixture for prevention and treatment.
(2) Late blight late blight is prone to occur under conditions of low temperature and high humidity. Spraying prevention before and after flowering, focusing on the back of the leaf, prevention and treatment methods:
Selection of resistant varieties: Early-maturing varieties have poor resistance to late blight, and Zhengshu No. 5 and No. 6 are more resistant to disease than Feifului.
Select seed potatoes to eliminate diseased potatoes: seed potatoes storage, storage, warm seed, dicing, germination and other aspects must carefully select potato chips, eliminate diseased potatoes, to cut off the source;
Chemical control: before and after flowering, use 70% mancozeb WP 600 times solution, or 25% toxic WP WP 500-800 times dilution, or 58% toxic manganese Zn WP 800 times dilution Liquid, prevent spraying, spray once every 7d, for 3 times. Alternate use.
(3) Sore disease Scab disease is a kind of actinomycete disease, soil alkaline, non-fertilized organic fertilizer, high temperature and high humidity in the initial stage of potato, and severe disease in continuous cropping with Solanaceae crops. Control method:
Rotation: Do not plant potatoes on alkaline plots, apply organic fertilizers, and fully decompose;
Appropriate early sowing: harvest in advance to avoid the high temperature of potato potato.
Potato tuber expansion period: small water pouring, lowering the ground temperature, keeping the soil moist, but not water.
Chemical control: After 1.5 to 2 kg of sulfur powder is applied, the soil is sterilized by plowing the soil, and 1.9 kg of sulphur powder is used for disinfection every 667 square meters. Hydroquinone (chemically pure) was prepared into a 0.1% aqueous solution, and the seed potatoes were immersed for 30 minutes before sowing, and then dried and then sown.
(4) Aphids and cabbage caterpillars: 1000-2000 times solution of 5% anti-Citrus WP can be used, or 2000-4000 times solution of 10% imidacloprid WP, ​​or 20% fenvalerate emulsifiable concentrate 3300~ 5000 times liquid, or spray with 10% cypermethrin EC 2000-4000 times liquid and other agents.
(5) Underground pests such as tigers and cockroaches: Before plowing the ground, use phoxim 0.5kg or trichlorfon 0.75~1kg per 667 square meters, and mix 5~6kg bran, and evenly spread. It can also be used when planting, 667 square meters with bran 2 ~ 3kg, mixed with trichlorfon 0.2 ~ 0.3kg sprinkled in the planting ditch, or in the evening before the emergence of buds, each time with 2 ~ 3kg of bran When you sprinkle it in the field, you can do it 2 or 3 times. Or apply 0.38% matrine emulsifiable concentrate 500 times solution, or 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times solution, or 80% trichlorfon wettable powder, dissolve with a small amount of water and fry cottonseed cake or rapeseed cake Mix well and sprinkle it on the ground near the seedling roots in the evening.
(6) Tea stalk: use 2000% to 3000 times dilution of 73% acetylene emulsifiable concentrate, or 4000-6000 times dilution of avermectin emulsifiable concentrate, or other acaricides, spray once every 5d~10d , even spray 3 to 5 times. The spray is focused on the young leaves and stems of the plant.
7. Potato harvesting and storage technology
Harvest: harvested according to market demand, the tubers are exposed to the sun and exposed to the sun for a long time to turn green. In the spring, the cultivation of the impotence and the double-film cultivation of the potato were harvested from the end of April to the beginning of May: the plastic film mulching cultivation was harvested in the middle and late May; the open commercial potato was harvested in mid-June. It should be taken before 10:00 am and after 4:00 pm. It can be transported with the planer, and it can not be transported at noon. It is tightly compacted with potato stalks to prevent the tuber from burning the tubers due to exposure in the field.
Storage: Keep the sputum dry, cool and ventilated during storage. The potato pieces are stacked on clean dry sand. It is not more than 30cm thick. It is turned over once every ten days. It is found that the rotted potato pieces are thrown out at any time to avoid spreading other potatoes. Piece. Commercial potatoes should be stored in dark light to prevent the potato chips from turning green and losing their edible value. Indoor storage of pesticides, fertilizers, motor oil, diesel oil and other oils can not store potatoes, so as not to cause a large number of rotten potatoes.
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