1, soil
Potatoes are tuber crops and have high requirements for soil texture and soil permeability. Sandy soil is currently more suitable for the growth of potatoes. The specific advantages include the following:
(1) Loose and breathable sandy loam, with rapid temperature return, is conducive to the timely emergence of potatoes, and facilitates root growth and tuber enlargement.
(2) Easy to cultivate.
(3) It is not easy to accumulate water, reducing the risk of potato block due to lack of oxygen, stomata opening, and infection of bacteria.
(4) The harvest is convenient, the potato block is clean, the skin is smooth, and the product quality is better.
However, sandy loam also has a relatively obvious defect. Due to better permeability, the corresponding water evaporation speed is also faster. For areas with insufficient water or irrigation conditions, potatoes should be flat to reduce the bare surface area as much as possible. Timely cultivating soil and blocking pores in the soil layer can effectively reduce the evaporation rate of soil moisture.
Because of the strong water retention properties of viscous heavy soils, the soil regains its temperature slowly and is relatively cool and cold, which is not conducive to the emergence of potatoes. When farming errors occur, in this case, suitable shallow sowing is required. On the one hand, the pressure on the sprouts can be reduced, and on the other hand, the shallow layer. The soil temperature is relatively high. Secondly, the viscous heavy soil permeability is not good, is not conducive to the growth of the root system, thereby affecting the growth of shoots and shoots above the ground, reducing the accumulation of photosynthetic products, and ultimately affecting the growth and development of tubers, but also in the closed soil environment Inflicts additional pressure on the enlargement of the tuber, which can easily produce deformed potatoes and reduce the quality of the product. Thirdly, the viscous heavy soil drainage effect is poor. If the soil is too late in the development period of the potato chips, the excessive water content in the soil cannot be discharged in time. The potato pieces are deficient in oxygen, and the epidermis stomata is opened, which makes it vulnerable to infection. Finally, viscous heavy soils are not conducive to farming, and the water is more viscous, and less water forms earthworm litter, damaging roots and tubers.
For viscous heavy soils, planting potatoes should start at a high ridge, which is conducive to the elimination of water, and appropriate shallow sowing is conducive to emergence. Applying more organic fertilizer can also improve soil texture to some extent.
2, light
Light is divided into long days and short days. Many people feel very strange that why potatoes grown in North China can blossom, but potatoes in the southern winter crop area do not bloom, and the root cause is the light. The differentiation of potato flower buds can only take place under long-day conditions. The growing season of potato in North China is from June to August. The length of sunshine can even reach 16 hours or more, while the length of southern winter sunshine is only about 10 hours. It is a short daylight. , is not conducive to the differentiation of flower buds.
In addition to affecting the differentiation of potato flower buds, the length of sunshine can also control plant height and stem length. Short days of sunshine will limit the height of the potato and the length of the stolons, so that the growth of the stolons is advanced and the potato is early and fast. Under normal circumstances, mid-late-maturing varieties growing under long-day northern sunshine conditions are characterized by early-maturing varieties in the southern short-day environment.
The focus of different periods of growth is different, and the requirements for light are not the same.
Germination period: The promotion of short and strong sprouts of potato stalks is a prerequisite for ensuring vigorous growth of plants and high yields. Short days of sunshine can inhibit the elongation of buds, and avoid the growth of lean, thin, high and weak seedlings. Seeds can be grown during dormancy. Put germination under short-day conditions to promote the formation of short shoots.
Seedling stage: The seedling stage aims to promote good development of the root system and strong seedlings as the primary goal, requiring short days and strong light.
Hairiness period: hair growth stage is to promote the rapid growth of stems and leaves, enhance photosynthesis, promote the synthesis of photosynthetic products, lay a good foundation for the growth and development of tubers, so this period requires adequate light and long-day conditions.
Tuber period: During this period, the growth of stems and leaves is controlled, and the photosynthetic products are transferred to the stems to promote the rapid growth of potato stalks. 80% of potato production comes from this period, and short days can play a good role in controlling the growth of stems and leaves. The role of reducing photosynthetic products in the loss of stems and leaves, while the large temperature difference between day and night can greatly protect the accumulation of starch, promote the rapid expansion of potato, lay the foundation for high yield. Therefore, the short daylight, the large temperature difference between day and night, strong light is the best light conditions during this period.
3, the potato needs of water at different times
Germination period: The potato germination requires very little water, basically the water in the seed potato can maintain the sprout growth. This stage, the soil should not be too wet, so as to avoid poor soil permeability, seed potato block hypoxia, stomata open, infected with bacteria and cause bad potatoes. However, it should not be too dry to prevent the soil from reabsorbing the moisture in the seed tubers, and now the growth of the sprouts. The soil moisture at this stage can be maintained at about 50% of the field capacity.
Seedling stage: The key point in this stage is to promote the development of the root system and cultivate dwarf seedlings, so it is extremely important to maintain soil permeability. The soil moisture at this stage can be maintained at about 60% of the field capacity.
Hair stage: This period is the period when the stems and leaves grow rapidly and the dry matter accumulates sharply. The water demand is large, and the soil moisture needs to be maintained at 70% to 80% of the field water capacity. However, in the later stage of this stage, sweet potato has already formed. In order to promote the transport of photosynthetic products to the sweet potato, accelerating the accumulation and growth of the dry mass of the sweet potato, you need to control the earthworm to reduce the consumption of photosynthetic products. At this time, the soil moisture must be reduced to About 60% of the water capacity in the field.
Yam period: 80% of the total potato production was formed during this period. This period is extremely sensitive to drought. Even a slight and short-term drought will have an impact on the yield. The soil moisture in the early stage needs to be maintained in the range of 70% to 80%. Do not dry or damp, such as irrigation after a long drought, this time can easily cause the secondary growth of potato, potato chips grow on the top , and the shape of the gourd-like shape with both ends of the coarse, middle thin. The soil moisture in the later period can be maintained at 50%~60%, and it is helpful for the epidermal corkation of tubers.
4. What are the adverse effects of drought on potato growth and how can it improve potato drought resistance?
Water is an extremely important component of the potato. 90% of the plants are water, and 80% of the water is also in the tubers. This shows that water is extremely important to the potato.
First of all, drought will limit the growth of roots, affect the absorption of nutrients and the growth of shoots and leaves above the ground, reduce the photosynthetic efficiency, reduce the accumulation of dry matter, and ultimately affect the yield; Second, the drought will limit the expansion of tubers, or even produce deformed potatoes; In the tuber formation period, the dryness and dampness will seriously affect the quality of the potato pieces. When the drought occurs, the pericarp of the potato pieces is likely to be corked. When the moisture is sufficient, although the corkification phenomenon is relieved, it is prone to occur twice. Growing, potato chips grow on the top of the tuber, and both ends of the tuber are thick and fine in the middle. In addition, during the later stage of tuber growth, more severe drought will lead to the occurrence of brown spots inside the potato block, affecting the commercial quality of the potato. And during the harvest period, the soil is too dry and can easily damage the tubers.
According to the results of relevant experts (Kang Yulin et al.), it is shown that maintaining adequate water during tuber formation can increase starch content. In dry years, regular quantitative water and tuber water production per mu can reach 24% to 36.8%, even in stormy years, it can increase production by 0.9%~13.9%.
To ensure the high yield and quality of potatoes, irrigation is one of the keys. Strictly control the soil moisture according to the growing demand of potatoes in different periods, avoid “dry and damp†and “timely quantitative†irrigation to create a comfortable and comfortable growing environment for potatoes. In addition, in the case of insufficient irrigation conditions, it is necessary to consider improving the drought resistance of potatoes. The rational application of potash fertilizer has a significant effect on improving the drought resistance of potatoes. The seedling stage is the critical point of potassium. Properly supplementing potash fertilizer can increase the water-holding capacity of the plants, and make the seedlings stand upright, robust, and have enhanced photosynthesis and disease resistance.
5, potato temperature requirements at different times
The potato prefers to grow in a cold environment. When the temperature reaches 7°C, the seed potato can germinate. When the temperature reaches 12°C, the growth speed of the bud seedling is obviously accelerated, and it can normally emerge under other suitable conditions. . Of course, the most suitable germination temperature is 13~18°C. Do not avoid excessive temperature, the growth rate of buds is too fast, easy to form slender, thin tall seedlings, eventually leading to overall plant growth is weak, disease resistance decreased, and ultimately seriously affect the yield and product quality.
The growth of stems and leaves is suitable for growing at a temperature of 16~22°C. In this temperature range, the stems and leaves grow vigorously, and the photosynthetic capacity increases. When the temperature rose above 25°C, the growth of stems and leaves began to slow down, and when they reached 35°C, the plants stopped growing. Of course, when the temperature is lower than 7°C, the growth basically stops. The relatively large temperature difference between day and night is very suitable for the accumulation of dry matter in the tuber, and the relatively high temperature during the day can increase the photosynthetic efficiency, increase the dry matter synthesis, and lower the temperature at night, which can reduce the plant's consumption of dry matter.
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