The advantages of bag-growing oyster mushrooms: 1 is conducive to the control of harmful bacteria and pests, the success rate is high; 2 full use of space, small footprint (15 to 18 square meters of culture room can be cultured 1500 to 2000 bags); 3 production The cycle is shortened, the accumulation of bacteria is used, the temperature of the material is increased, the bacterial growth is accelerated, and the growth period of the mycelium is shortened; 4 It is convenient for mobile management and can make full use of the site; 5 It is favorable for controlling temperature, maintaining humidity, neat mushrooming, good mushroom shape, and yield. stable.
Technical requirements for bagged oyster mushrooms:
1. Selection of Raw Materials The raw materials should be fresh, free of mildew, no insects, no pesticides or other harmful chemical components. Before the cultivation, it was exposed to the sun for 2 to 3 days to kill the bacteria and pests in the material. Raw materials such as corn kernels, bean stems, rice straw, wheat straw, and miscellaneous wood should be cut short or crushed in advance.
2, culture formula 1 cotton seed shell 99% lime 1% carbendazim 0.1%
2 Baogu core 76% cottonseed hull 20% wheat bran or bagel flour 3% lime 1%
3 Corncob rods 87.5% Wheat bran 5% Baogu noodles 3% Lime 3% Urea 0.5% Salt 1%
4 Straw 74% Pellet 25% Gypsum 1% Carbendazim 0.1%
5 straw 84% wheat bran 8% gypsum 2% urea 0.5% superphosphate 1.5% lime 4%
6 Sawn wood 60% Cottonseed hull 30% Wheat bran 9% Lime 1%
7 Weeds 94% Wheat Bran 5% Gypsum 1%
It can be used as a raw material for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation. It is based on the principles of freshness, dryness, easy handling, easy collection and preservation, and attention should be paid to adjust the nutrient and pH of the culture medium before the preparation. Before the raw material is prepared, the gluten core should be crushed into peanut-sized granules. , Corn sticks, wheat straws, rice straw, etc. should be crushed and cut into small pieces 3 to 5 cm long.
3, accumulation of fermentation according to the requirements of the formula, accurate weighing, the material is fully mixed (soluble in water should be dissolved in water), then add water and mix well. Spring planting temperature is low, air humidity is small, and water in the culture medium is more appropriate. Adding 150 kg of water to 100 kg of dry material is appropriate. The amount of water added to the different culture materials is also slightly different. The corn cob and cashmere long seed coat may be appropriate. Add more water, short cotton seed shell should add less water. Stir the broth for 2 hours and allow it to saturate and then bulk fermentation. The method for constructing the heap is to lay a layer of wheat straw on the concrete floor, about 10 cm thick, and put the culture material on the wheat straw. When there is little material, it will be piled into a round heap that is 1 meter high, and the material will be stacked one meter high. A one-meter-wide bar pile, every 30 centimeters or so, with a wooden stick to breathe the eye to the bottom of the material, and then cover the straw mat or plastic film on the pile. When the central temperature of the stockpile rises to 55~60°C, it is maintained for 18 hours to turn over. The inside is poured out and the inside is poured inside. The stacking and fermentation continues, so that the central temperature of the stockpile again rises to 55~60°C and maintains for 24 hours. Turn over once. After two turnovers, the culture materials began to change color, giving off a fermented aroma, no musty and odor, and a large number of white actinomycetes mycelium growth, and fermentation ended. Then pH test paper was used to check the pH of the culture material, and the pH was adjusted to about 8. The bagging was performed when the material temperature dropped below 30°C. Production practices have proved that the use of fermented material to cultivate Pleurotus mycelium grows quickly, with few bacteria and high yields.
4, bag selection width 23 cm wide, 43 cm long, 0.025 micron thick low-pressure polyethylene film, per kilogram of tube film can be cut 180 or so, each bag can be loaded with dry material 0.7 to 0.8 kg. When bagging manually, it should be a bag, loaded with one hand and edge pressure. When it is about 8 centimeters from the bag mouth, the material surface is compacted, and the material of the bag mouth is cleaned. After exhausting, the material is tightly wrapped around the material surface and wrapped with a rope for 3 to 4 turns to tie it tightly to prevent water and air intake. Note when bagging: 1 Mix the material thoroughly before bagging. The moisture content of the material is such that the water between the fingertips is squeezed out and the water seeps out without dropping down to a moderate level, and the culture material is too dry and too wet to be conducive to mycelial growth. When bagging, it is necessary to load materials and trimming materials in order to prevent the upper material from drying and the lower material from being wet. 2 The mixed material should be packed within 4 hours as far as possible to avoid overlong storage time and the fermentation material becomes sour; 3 When bagging, it can't smash, can't fall, can't knead, press the material evenly, take it gently, protect the bag, prevent the plastic bag from being damaged; 4 When bagging, it should pay attention to the elasticity and moderate, generally the hand presses elasticity, the hand pressure has Mild sag, with straight toes. Pressure is tight and air permeability is not good, affect the growth of mycelium; pressured pine is mycelial growth and weak, easy to break in the turning injury, affecting mushroom; 5 filled bags require compact, straight, not fluffy The thickness and length of the bag should be the same to facilitate the collection of bacteria and mushrooms. 6 The packed bags should be inspected on a bag-by-bag basis and found to be immediately sealed with transparent tape.
5, sterilization technology points: 1 clean the pot of sewage, put fresh water, will be loaded with a good material bag into the stove in time, a reasonable stack. The bag is placed in the stove using a bag of bags placed upright and upright. This not only has a large pore size, but also facilitates steam penetration. Moreover, the sterilized fungus bag becomes a tetrahedron, which is advantageous for inoculation and post-management. The four corners of the steaming chamber left 15 cm2 of air passages from top to bottom, leaving gaps between the rows and rows to ensure the smooth flow of steam and ensure thorough sterilization; 2 to achieve "Sanqin" during sterilization. . Namely: Diligently watch the fire and add coal in time; Diligently add water to prevent the griddle; Diligently look at the temperature to prevent the temperature from falling off; 3 The fire should be mastered with “attacking the head, promoting the tail, and protecting the middleâ€. Sterilization must begin at the beginning of sterilization, and strive to raise the temperature of the stove to 100°C in 4 to 6 hours and begin timing. Then, keep the temperature stable and keep the temperature at 100°C without losing the temperature for 24 hours. Sterilize the last 2 hours of sterilization to achieve thorough sterilization. After the ceasefire, dip, when the temperature dropped to about 70 °C, grab the temperature pan, and quickly transported to the inoculation room cooling, bacterial bag cooling should be "well" shape stack, pay attention, do not "big head, small tail, the middle of the pine "4; to prevent air leakage. The door of the atmospheric pressure sterilization stove should be sealed tightly.
6. Inoculation and vaccination should be strictly controlled under aseptic conditions. First, a relatively sterile environment must be created for the inoculation to prevent bacterial infections. Second, certain methods and procedures must be followed to prevent the bacteria from entering the bag. Inside, make sure the vaccination is successful. Inoculation process: 1 environmental disinfection. One week before inoculation, clean indoor and outdoor inoculated with lime or Bordeaux mixture. 3 to 4 days before use, the inoculation chamber is closed and fumigated with 0.5 to 1 kg of sulphur (or 1 kg of formaldehyde) for 12 to 24 hours. Before the bag enters the room, use the disinfectant to spray the indoor and outdoor surfaces and spaces; select and disinfect the bacteria. Choosing white, thick, thick, intertwined quality strains of mycelia, washing the outer wall of the strainer bottle with disinfectant and immediately moving into the inoculation room. Under aseptic conditions, break the bottle wall, remove the bacteria, and remove the bacteria. The size of the pellets should not be too large or too fine. 3 When the temperature of the bag drops to 28°C to 30°C, untie the rope at one end of the bag, straighten the bag, and spread the bacteria evenly over the material. In the bag mouth, be sure to completely cover the culture material of the bag mouth, then close the bag, put on a plastic ring, cover the paper, and use a soft rubber ring to tie the paper and the bag to the plastic ring. Inoculation should pay attention to the following points: 1 good sterilization when inoculated; 2 movements should be fast and accurate; 3 vaccination and operators must do a good job of personal hygiene, clean hands and hair, cut nails, hands And the arm should be disinfected with 70% alcohol.
7. After disinfecting the piled mushroom shed (house), take the kind of material bag to the mushroom shed (room) and treat it on the gong bed. The level of stacking depends on the temperature. In summer and autumn, when the temperature is high, 2 to 4 layers are stacked. The material bags are stacked in a “well†shape, with cross-discharges to facilitate heat dissipation. 60 to 70 centimeters are left between the file and the file. The wide sidewalks allow for easy operation and ventilation, as well as leaving some open space for dumping. When the spring or winter temperatures are low, the trampoline should be covered with a layer of straw or wheat straw to prevent the lower temperature from affecting the germs. At the same time, stacking is increased, 10 to 12 layers are stacked, and the plastic film or straw curtain is used to insulate and raise the heap. Warm, promote mycelial growth. If the mushroom shed is not well-prepared, it can also be exposed to bacteria. The open-air fungus field requires dryness, cleanliness, and coolness. A stack of straw curtains are used to shade the stack. Before the rain is covered with a plastic film, it is necessary to remove the film after rain so that the temperature is maintained at about 20°C. The main points of germination management are as follows:
1 Keep the temperature and pay attention to changes in stack temperature. After collecting the bacteria, periodically insert a thermometer between the bags to observe the temperature and pay attention to changes in stack temperature. The germination temperature is preferably 25~30°C. When the temperature is higher than 30°C, the heap should be scattered in time to increase the ventilation and prevent the high temperature from burning out the hyphae. Temperature below 20 °C should try to warm insulation.
2 ventilation. The mushroom shed is ventilated 2 or 3 times a day for 30 minutes each time. When the temperature is high, it is ventilated sooner or later. When the temperature is low, it is ventilated at noon.
3 Keep dry. The relative humidity of the air in the mushroom shed is 60~70%.
4 Light should be dark. Low light is conducive to mycelial growth.
Turn 5. After stacking, it is turned every 5 to 7 days. The lower material bag is smashed upwards. The upper layer is squatted, the inside is outward and the outside is smashed, so that the temperature of the bag is consistent and the bacteria are neat. The bags that were found to be contaminated by germs during tumbling should be picked out; if it is found that there is no hyphae, the cause must be identified and measures must be taken.
6 ventilation qi. Two-headed, closed-end germination is used. In the early stage of germination, the oxygen content in the bag can meet the needs of mycelial growth. With the increase of hypha growth, the lack of oxygen in the bag will affect the normal growth of mycelium. When the bag is 2 to 3 cm long in each of the two mycelia, you can use a pin (or sewing needle) to pierce the hole 8 to 10 holes at the upper end of the mycelial growth zone at 1 to 2 cm, or use a sharpened one. Put bamboo chopsticks in the mouth of the bag and pour 3~4 holes, or loosen the rope tightly at the ends of the bag. Use the natural tension of the film at the mouth of the bag after the slack so that the fresh air enters the bag to provide oxygen for ventilation. Promote hypha growth.
7 Prevent rat damage. Prevent rats from biting broken bags and causing bacterial contamination.
8. Frequently encountered problems during germination stage and solutions 1 Hyphae do not germinate and do not eat. Cause: Material deterioration, a large number of miscellaneous bacteria; culture material moisture content is too high or too low; bacteria species aging, viability is very weak; ambient temperature is too high or too low, add lime, pH value is high.
Solution: Use fresh and mildew-free raw materials; use age-appropriate strains (age 30 to 35 days); grasp suitable water content; hand-grip material with water droplets between the fingertips does not drip; degree of shelf temperature during germination About 20 °C, the material temperature of 25 °C is appropriate, the temperature rather rather lower, not too high, to prevent burning bacteria,; do not add antibacterial agent in the culture material, add lime should be appropriate, especially when the temperature is low again to add The amount should not exceed 1%. PH7~8 is appropriate.
2 culture material sour smell. Causes: During germination, high temperature does not cool down in time, and the bacteria multiply, causing the material to ferment and become acid and corrupt. The material contains too much water and the air is insufficient. The anaerobic fermentation causes the material to rot and stink.
Solution: The material is poured out, spread after drying, add appropriate amount of new material and continue the fermentation, re-bagging inoculation; if the material has rotted black, can only be discarded as fertilizer.
3 mycelial atrophy. Cause: Bag stacking is too high, heat is not removed when the heat of fermentation occurs, material temperature rises above 35°C and burns out mycelium; material bag is large, load is high, fermentation heat is high; germination site temperature is too high In addition to poor ventilation; material plus too much wet too loaded, poor ventilation, mycelium hypoxia will also appear hypha shrinking phenomenon.
The solution: improve the environment of the contaminated site, pay attention to ventilation and cooling; piles of bacteria in the bag pile, when the temperature is high, stack 2 to 4 layers, showing a "well" shaped cross-discharge, easy to dissipate heat; Dissipate heat; when the materials are mixed, the ratio of material to water should be well grasped and the bag should be tightly closed. The width of the film cylinder used for bagging should not exceed 25 cm, and excessive heat generation due to excessive charging of the material is avoided.
The 4 bag walls are covered with bean dregs-like bacteria. Causes: The culture material has a large amount of moisture and poor air permeability. This causes a large number of yeast strains to thrive. It accumulates in a large amount on the bag membrane and the fermented sour taste appears in the material.
Solution: Use a round stick with a diameter of 1 cm to sharpen 2 to 3 holes in the middle of the material bag and deepen 5 to 8 centimeters to supplement oxygen through ventilation. Soon, the yeast coating on the inner wall of the bag gradually disappears on its own, and the mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus continue to grow.
5 mold contamination. Causes: The culture material or strains themselves carry bacteria; the hygienic conditions at the germination site are poor or the mushroom house is not completely disinfected; the mushroom shed is not ventilated under high temperature and high humidity.
Solution: Use fresh, mildew-free, sun-dried culture materials to thoroughly ferment; avoid sowing at high temperatures, increase ventilation, and prevent hot and humid; choose high-quality, anti-mildew, fast-food bacteria; mold contamination found early When the area is small, lime water with a pH of 10 or higher can be used to inject contaminated culture materials, and at the same time, it can be removed from the bacteriophage field and administrated separately. For those with serious pollution, they will be removed from the field and digging deep for disposal.
6 late in the feeding period, the feed was slow and the bag was too late. Cause: The bag is tied tight at both ends and there is insufficient air in the bag, causing oxygen deficiency.
Solution: Loosen the loose material bag or puncture ventilation.
7 soft bags. The surface of the general bag material has hyphae, but the bag has less hyphae and is not sparsely tight. The bag is soft and inelastic. Causes: bacterial species degradation or aging, weakened viability; high temperature damage strains; adding too much nitrogen source, the material within the bacteria multiply, inhibit the growth of mycelium; culture material moisture content, lack of oxygen, affect the mycelial material Growing inside.
Solution: Use robust, high-quality strains; Inoculate at the appropriate temperature, prevent heat-injured bacteria; The amount of nitrogen nutrition added to the culture material is appropriate, not too rich; When the soft bag occurs, the germination temperature is lowered, and the wall of the bag is punctured and drained Breathable, appropriate to extend the germination time, so that the mycelium into the material long hair thoroughly.
8 The mycelium is not fully bagged. Causes: Excessive light at the germination site, low temperature or excessive temperature difference between day and night to stimulate mushrooming.
Solution: Pay attention to darkness and nighttime heat preservation, increase germination temperature, and improve germination environment.
9, fruiting management stage of bacteria, at a temperature of about 25 °C, air relative humidity of about 60%, dark and good ventilation conditions, the general high temperature type Pleurotus 25 days or so, low temperature type 30 to 35 days, mycelium You can fill bags. When part of the bag appears fruiting primordium, indicating that the hyphae have matured, then it can be timely transferred into mushroom management. After the mushroom sheds are sterilized, soaked in water and dried, they are stacked neatly on the boring bed according to the degree of maturation of the bags. The stack height is 7-8 layers, and generally 150-m2 mushroom sheds can stack 5000-6000 bags (equivalent to dry materials). 3500~4000 kg). Then unwrap the bag with two ends. When there are small buds appearing on the material surface, use a pair of scissors to cut the film on both ends of the bag and expose the material surface to promote rapid growth of the mushroom buds.
(1), mushrooming management points 1 pull the temperature difference, stimulate mushrooming. Pleurotus ostreatus is a variable temperature and strong, increase the temperature difference stimulation is conducive to mushrooming. Use morning and evening when the temperature is low, increase the ventilation, reduce the temperature, and increase the temperature difference between day and night to 6~10°C to stimulate the mushroom. During the cold season, during the day, pay attention to warming and moisturizing, and increase ventilation and cooling at night; when the temperature is higher than 20°C, you can use methods of strengthening ventilation and spraying water to increase the temperature difference and stimulate mushrooming.
2 strengthen humidity regulation. Mushrooming venues should often spray water to keep the relative humidity of the air at 85% to 90%. After the appearance of mushroom buds on the material surface, special attention should be paid to water spray, humidifying to the space and the ground, and do not spray water directly on the mushroom buds. Only when the mushroom buds differentiate into the caps and stipe of the mushrooms, can they spray less, Fine spray, ground spray water, make up the amount of water in order to facilitate the growth of fruiting bodies. After harvesting the first and second tidal mushrooms, when the water content in the bag is less than 60%, water should be given to the bag. Water is directly poured into the bag or soaked in water. When immersed in the bag, 3~4 holes are drilled on the bag. Makes water easily immersed in bacteria bags.
3 strengthen ventilation. Low temperature season once a day, every 30 minutes, usually after noon water spray; when the temperature is high, 2 or 3 times a day, every 20 to 30 minutes, ventilation and more in the morning and evening, avoid high humidity and airtight . Ventilation must be carried out slowly, so that the wind does not blow directly on the mushroom body, so as to avoid the water loss of the mushroom body, the edge curling and valgus.
4 enhanced lighting. Scattered light can induce early fruiting, more mushrooms; dark is not mushroom; lack of light, fruiting less, long handle, cover a small, pale, deformed. Generally, it is advisable to maintain the light intensity of “three points of sunshine and seven points of yin†in the mushroom shed. However, there must be no direct light so as not to burn the dried mushroom body.
(2) Precautions in fruiting management In the mushroom shed, the mycelial maturation of the fungus bag should be matured sooner or later, so that the mushroom is neat and consistent, which is conducive to simultaneous management. When the fungus bag enters the mushroom management, first untie the two ends and do not rush to fully open the bag mouth, so as to prevent the material surface from losing water and drying, affecting the normal fruiting.
(3), soil-filled bagged mushroom, generally 2 after the mushroom, after the water management can continue mushrooming, but less mushrooms, mushroom body is small and not neat, low economic efficiency. The use of soiled mushrooms will help increase production. The method of covering the soil is: to open a trench in the mushroom shed, dig a width of 1 meter, depth 20 to 30 centimeters, the length of the gully, between the pipa and pipa 50 cm of the sidewalk. The mushroom heads of the two tidal mushrooms are cleaned on both sides, and the plastic bags are removed and cut into two sections, which are vertically discharged in the ravine. The gaps between the bacteria cylinders are then filled with fertilizer garden soil and the bacteria are covered. The cylinder surface is 0.5 to 1 cm thick. After covering the soil, pour a large amount of water into the gully to soak the tube. In the condition of proper temperature, about 7 days, there will be mushroom buds appear on the bed of bacteria, according to the requirements of mushroom management, can continue to mushroom 4 to 5 tide.
10. Analysis and treatment of common problems during fruiting period The following common phenomena during fruiting process have a direct impact on the effectiveness of mushroom production.
(1) Causes of non-occurrence of buds: 1 Discomfort to strains, use of low temperature type strains in high temperature seasons, or high temperature strains in low temperature season; 2 lack of temperature difference stimulation; 3 low water content of culture materials, dry material surface; 4 temperature High, air-drying, white cotton-like material (airborne mycelium) appears on the surface of the culture material, affecting the formation of mushroom buds; 5 Hyphae aging, forming a thick pellicle; 6 poor ventilation, high concentration of carbon dioxide, lack of light, delay the bacteria The vegetative growth of silk.
The solution: 1 selection of suitable temperature species; 2 ventilation and cooling to increase the temperature difference between day and night to above 6 °C; spray humidification, so that the relative humidity of the air increased to 85% to 90%; to prevent aerial hyphae; 3 surface bacteria When the film is thickened, it should be cut with a wire wire; 4 strengthen ventilation, increase the scattering of light, and induce the formation of mushroom buds; 5 soak the bag or inject water into the material, add water, and spray cold water to the material surface to stimulate mushrooming; 6 When the mushroom grows, when there are a large number of mushroom buds on the material surface of both ends of the fungus bag, use a knife to cut off the excess plastic bag and expose the young mushroom. Do not open the bag mouth prematurely, causing the material surface to dry, affecting the formation of mushroom buds.
(2) Causes of juvenile mushroom death: 1 Continuous high temperature, young mushroom heat dry; 2 culture material moisture content is low, air humidity is small; 3 high carbon dioxide concentration, young mushroom death of oxygen deprivation.
The solution: 1 high temperature of the mushrooming period, once the temperature is too high, timely ventilation and cooling; 2 increase the spray, increase air humidity, spray strong water as well, do not spray directly on the young mushrooms; 3 mushroom shed regularly ventilated, Supplement fresh air and eliminate harmful gases such as carbon dioxide.
(3) The reason of rotten mushroom: excessive water spray, coupled with poor ventilation, surface water of mushroom body, causing edema, softening and rot.
The solution: reduce water spray, improve ventilation, generally immediately after the water spray to be ventilated, so that the surface area of ​​mushroom body water distribution.
(4) The reason why the stipe is not differentiated due to elongated stipe caps: (1) Insufficient light, which is more common in the basement, and mushroom in the human defense tunnel; (2) The high concentration of carbon dioxide promotes the rapid growth of the stipe and the difficulty in forming the cap.
The solution: 1 increase lighting, add workers lighting; 2 ventilation supplement.
(5) The reason of the knot mushroom in the bag: 1 bag mouth is untied late; 2 the material surface of both ends is dry, is not conducive to the formation of mushroom buds; 3 material bags are loosely installed, resulting in a larger gap between the culture material and the material wall.
Solution: The mushroom in the bag is often malformed and will consume nutrients and affect yield. The diaphragm is used to compress the material, discharge the air and concentrate the nutrients.
(6) Malformation mushrooms The common malformation mushrooms include knob-like mushrooms, broccoli mushrooms, blue mushrooms, or blue-breasted mushrooms and trumpet mushrooms. Even the second-degree differentiation seriously affects the value of commodities.
Reasons: 1 The temperature is too low, and the time is long, causing the growth of the inner and outer cell layers of the cap, resulting in tumor-like or granular protrusions; 2 Insufficient ventilation of the mushroom shed, resulting in high air temperature or increased carbon dioxide concentration, forming mushroom; 3 The increase in temperature in the shed will cause the accumulation of carbon monoxide and other harmful gases, stimulating the growth of the mushroom body and causing a discoloration reaction.
Solution: 1 During the winter when the temperature is warmer and colder, pay attention to ventilation. It is not appropriate to directly produce stoves inside the mushroom shed. A fire wall or a fire wall should be built. 2 The shed must be well ventilated with sufficient light.
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