In recent years, the walnut planting area in Dongming County of Shandong Province has gradually expanded, the larger the area, the more necessary cultivation techniques, and the simple explanation of its main management techniques.

1 Soil and water management

Soil management is the basic measure to ensure the normal growth and development of high quality and high yield of walnut trees. The focus is to deepen the ripening and maintain water and soil and cultivating and weeding. The tree should be deeply turned into soil every year or every other year to keep the soil in the walnut garden loose, improve the soil water and fertilizer storage capacity, increase the gas permeability, deepen the root distribution layer, and expand its nutrient absorption range to achieve the purpose of deep root leaf and fruit abundance.

2 cultivating and weeding

In order to promote the growth of young trees, weeding soil is repeated several times a year. Interplanting and weeding can cut the capillary in the root zone, reduce the evaporation of soil moisture, improve the soil ventilation, promote the decomposition of soil insoluble nutrients, and improve soil fertility. The intercropping of walnut gardens can be combined with the management of intercropping; without intercropping, weeding can be carried out 2 to 3 times a year, depending on the amount of grass and rain in the current year. Generally, in the annual growth season, "there must be grass removal, must be removed after the rain, and must be removed after irrigation." If the manpower is not enough, there are 2 times of weeding every year. One is after flowering, and the other is before weaving. These two weedings should not only be timely, but should be removed, so that we can effectively control the grassland and achieve the purpose of loose soil water storage.

3 fertilization

Fertilization of walnut trees is an important measure to ensure the growth and development of trees and to obtain high quality and high yield.

Fertilization can be applied once before germination, and the fertilizer is mainly urea and compound fertilizer. 1~2 years young trees, each planting amount of 25~30g, digging 4~6 radiation ditch around the trunk to mix and fill the soil and water. For 3~5 years saplings, the amount of fertilizer applied per plant is 0.5~1.5kg, and the amount of fertilizer applied in the ditch can be 2~3kg. The specific fertilization amount can be determined according to the size of the tree and the site conditions. The tree is large and the output is high. It can be a little more, but it is necessary to dig the ditch. The number of ditch can reach 8~10, 20cm away from the main trunk, and it should not be concentrated and the fertilization amount should be too large until the outer edge of the canopy.

When the fruit enters the hard core stage, in order to promote the fullness of the seed, the second top dressing can be applied, 667m 2 of 1500kg of manure, 30kg of urea, 20kg of potassium sulfate and 20kg of superphosphate. Newly planted young trees should be fertilized at the same time. The newly planted saplings were used to apply soil and fertilizer in the tree caves. By the third year, 10 to 15 kg of soil fertilizer was applied to each plant. Adult trees are applied 50~75kg per plant. At the same time as applying the base fertilizer, add 1~3kg of compound fertilizer to each tree and mix it into the fertilization ditch. The fertilization ditch of the base fertilizer can be dig 2 pieces of width 40cm and depth 40cm along the east and west sides of the tree crown. The length depends on the size of the canopy, 2018 Digging for things in the year, digging north and south every 1 year, and then digging a radial groove in the tree tray to fertilize every other year. Do not fertilize in the same direction every year. After the application of the base fertilizer in autumn, it must be irrigated once to promote the absorption of nutrients from the roots before the leaves.

4 irrigation

Water is required for all activities of the walnut tree during its growth, such as photosynthesis, transpiration, and nutrient absorption and transformation. Although the drought tolerance of walnut is strong, when the maximum water holding capacity in the field is less than 60%, it is prone to shrinkage.

Before thawing to germination, the northern region is the spring drought season. In order to alleviate the spring drought and prevent the damage of spring cold and night frost, it is necessary to do the early spring irrigation before the germination.

For the 1~2 year old tree after planting, the root system is shallow and the drought resistance is poor. In this period, irrigation is needed. After the spring shoots stop, the water is controlled before the autumn shoots stop (from mid-June to early August), pay attention to drainage, and control the new shoots. Where there are irrigation conditions, the frozen water can be poured after the defoliation to the freezing. In areas without irrigation conditions, the soil and water conservation should be done well, and the grass should be covered under the tree, that is, the grass should be covered with grass and broken straw under the canopy.

5 trim

5.1 Newly planted seedlings pruning

Newly planted walnut varieties and saplings should be cut in the upper and middle of March, 20cm upwards or 40cm from the ground. The purpose of the cut-off is to promote the nutrition of the roots to 1~2 buds under the cut, and to draw strong new branches in the same year. The fixed dry height depends on the site conditions; the plain is 1.5~2.0m.

5.2 young tree pruning

Newly planted young trees are fixed, and the main trunk and main branches can be trimmed within 3 to 5 years. The length of the central trunk should be 80~100cm, and the main branches of each layer should be 60~70cm from the branch plus base. To eliminate the competition branches, the general branches are no longer pruned and left to form the resulting mother branches.

5.3 mature tree pruning

Early fruit walnut fragrant, Yuanfeng, Luguang, Fenghui, Yuanlin, Luxiang, Liao nuclear and other three years after planting results, 5 years into the initial results. This type of tree can be trimmed after harvesting in spring and autumn nuts. The purpose is to cultivate the mother branches and enhance the tree potential. To this end, the dense branches, overlapping branches, cross branches and drooping branches should be removed to improve the illumination, facilitate ventilation and light transmission, and reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases to improve yield and quality.

The mature trees are to be trimmed in the autumn after the walnuts are harvested. Trimming over dense, overlapping, drooping branches, pests and branches, and large branches that affect the light in the canopy. The walnut tree autumn shears can be trimmed once every 2~3 years.

6 pest control

The prevention and control of walnut pests and diseases should be guided by the principle of “prevention first and comprehensive prevention”. Winter and early spring prevention and control should be based on integrated prevention and control, and pests should be controlled to eliminate wintering bacteria and other wintering pests on trees before they occur. In the summer, chemical chemicals are mainly used for prevention and control, supplemented by artificial control, combined with autumn pruning to cut off diseased branches and dead branches, burned intensively, and reduce the source of pests and diseases.

6.1 Chemical control

Because the disease is wintering on the plants, when the plants sprout and spread, the best period of spraying should be before and after germination and before and after flowering. Spraying stone sulphur mixture before germination has good control effect on walnut anthracnose and bacterial black spot.

6.2 Agricultural control

Strengthen the management of water and fertilizer on walnut trees, increase the growth potential of trees, and improve their own resistance to pathogenic bacteria. At the same time, the planting density of the trees is reasonably arranged, and the method of artificially trimming the branches and leaves is adopted to increase the light transmittance inside the tree body to change the living environment of the pathogenic bacteria. When a diseased plant is found, the susceptible plant should be pruned in time to remove the infected part and reduce the base of the pathogen. The cut diseased branches are uniformly burned and destroyed to prevent re-infection of pathogenic bacteria.

6.3 Biological control

The pathogen is controlled by the antagonism between microorganisms. The mechanisms of antagonism mainly include parasitic, competitive and antibiotic effects. For example, in the same living environment, space and nutrient resources are limited, and the proliferation of some beneficial bacteria will prevent the reproduction and survival of pathogenic bacteria, and play a great role in reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria.

Farmers who want to learn how to cultivate walnuts can come to Huinong.com to refer to walnut cultivation experience in other areas. In addition to walnut planting technology, there are many other agricultural and sideline products!

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