Lead: The continuous development of the level of scientific laboratories puts forward higher requirements for the functionality and standardization of laboratories. High-precision experimental instruments should exert their due effects and must be matched with matching laboratory equipment. With the promotion and promotion of laboratory qualification certification, measurement certification and other systems, a new concept of modern science laboratory characterized by safety, humanization and high technology is gradually taking shape.
At present, there is no national standard for the specification and requirements of laboratory hardware construction. There are still many gaps in the theory and practice of modern laboratory construction. This paper mainly deals with the key points of laboratory planning and design and equipment configuration.
Laboratory preparation
Everything is pre-established, not pre-emptive. Similarly, careful and meticulous pre-planning is the key to the success of laboratory construction.
Before carrying out the laboratory planning and design, we must first understand the overall planning of the target laboratory, including the nature, purpose, mission, basis and scale of the laboratory, and determine the laboratory function and equipment selection. The selection of instruments and equipment is the foothold for the preparation of the laboratory and the basis for the overall planning of the laboratory. The selection of large-scale instruments and equipment is directly related to the arrangement of water, electricity, ventilation, gas lines and other related facilities. The configuration of common instruments and equipment is closely related to the regional division of laboratories. The usual practice is to determine the basic requirements of the equipment and equipment according to the relevant national standards and testing specifications, and determine the selection of instruments and equipment by referring to existing practices in the same industry and combining with their own actual conditions.
9 points that can't be ignored in laboratory planning
The contents involved in the planning and design of the laboratory mainly include layout, water supply and drainage, circuit, gas path, ventilation, safety passage, ceiling, floor, wall and so on. Planning and design needs to be implemented in the laboratory civil engineering and decoration stage.
1. Floor plan
Determine the overall floor plan of the laboratory and clarify the laboratory layout. The laboratory requirements are effectively isolated from the office area, the functional areas are clearly defined, the experiments do not interfere with each other, and the evacuation channels are unblocked. In modern experimental research institutions, laboratories are usually classified according to physics, general chemistry, organic synthetic chemistry, and biology. Balance chambers, precision instrument rooms, high greenhouses, standard rooms, water plants, washing rooms, and pre-sets are provided as needed. Processing room, warehouse, etc. In laboratories in the fields of medicine, medicine, food, agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, high-reliability, sterile and dust-free environments are indispensable. In biological laboratories, special requirements for inspection, testing, photography, and washing of equal data processing workflows are generally considered. Washing stations and drying stations can usually be placed at the entrance.
Laboratories using drugs and drug-producing reagents must set up special drama drug warehouses as required. Iron gates, iron windows, iron cabinets, and 110 linkage alarm systems are required.
2. Water supply and drainage
The water supply to the laboratory follows the principle of convenient access and the hot water system is installed in necessary places such as the washing area. The main focus of drainage should be on the setting of the floor drain and the high temperature resistance of the drain pipe to the drain pipe.
3. Circuit
The circuit design must take into account the overall power size, three-phase electrical requirements, and special instrument stability requirements. To facilitate operation and meet safety management requirements, laboratories generally require independent control switches. A correct and good grounding system is essential for the normal, reliable and safe operation of analytical laboratory instruments.
4. Gas path
The gas supply mode has two types: centralized gas supply and separate gas supply. In principle, the special gas piping used in the instrument should be as close as possible to the analytical instrument.
5. Ventilation system
Ventilation is an integral part of laboratory design. In order to prevent laboratory workers from inhaling or ingesting some toxic, pathogenic or toxic chemicals and organisms, there should be good ventilation in the laboratory.
There are two types of ventilation in the laboratory, namely local exhaust and full room ventilation. Local exhaust is discharged near the generation of harmful substances. This method can remove a large amount of harmful substances with less air volume. It is energy-saving and effective. It is a feasible and economical way to improve the current laboratory conditions. It is also suitable for modern laboratory ventilation construction. The best way to be widely adopted. For some experiments where local exhaust cannot be used, or local exhaust does not meet the requirements, full room ventilation should be used. Professional ventilation systems such as sterile systems must be self-contained. The focus of the ventilation system is the determination of the position of the inlet and outlet and the pre-burial of the tuyere.
6. Safe passage
Safety planning for safe passages, especially in laboratory interior design, cannot be ignored in laboratory planning and design.
(1) Security door: as an evacuation channel. The door width is 900~1500mm, of which the single door is generally 900mm, and the double door has 1200, 1400, 1500mm and so on.
(2) Safety distance: For the main channel, if two test benches are operated on both sides, the distance should be ≥1500mm; single-sided operation ≥1200mm; if there is a detoxification cabinet, the distance should be ≥1500mm, and special attention should be paid to the detoxification cabinet. Close to the door.
(3) Channel distance: The minimum width of the fire exit inside the general building is 1200mm, while the laboratory is different, at least 1500mm wide.
7. Ceiling
There is no special requirement for the height of the ceiling, but the speciality of the ceiling, such as the aseptic system, has specific requirements on the height of the ceiling and must be paid attention to. At the same time, the construction of the ceiling should also be considered in parallel with the facilities of the ventilation system.
8. Ground
To use different floors for different laboratories, you cannot use marble floors in the laboratory. Nowadays, the most common ones are PVC floor and epoxy resin floor, and some use ceramic tiles. In addition to paying attention to the type of the ground, it is also necessary to pay attention to the position of the upper and lower water pipes.
9. Wall surface
The position including the cylinder, the height of the window sill, and the width of the skirting board should be clearly defined.
Determine the specifications and selection of laboratory equipment
The laboratory equipment configuration is based on the laboratory planning and design to determine the specifications and selection of laboratory equipment. Laboratory equipment is an emerging industry segmented from the furniture industry, and it tends to be standardized and specialized in the development process. The laboratory equipment configuration content mainly includes the layout mode of the experimental platform, structural size, table selection, fume hood selection, experimental cabinet selection, safety equipment and so on.
Layout mode
The focus of the lab layout is security and convenience. There are several common modes:
(1) Island type. It is the most common mode. It is often used in large spaces and in rectangular indoor forms. This mode is characterized by smooth flow of people;
(2) Peninsula type. This is also a typical application, this mode is suitable for narrow rooms;
(3) L type. L type is suitable for narrower room forms;
(4) U-shaped and one-word (ie side experimental bench) layout is also more common.
structure size
The structure of the laboratory equipment is divided into an all-wood structure, a steel-wood structure and an all-steel structure. The laboratory can select different types of test benches according to specific conditions. The size of the laboratory equipment is directly related to the ease of use. The height of the sitting table is usually between 750 and 850 mm. If the male tester accounts for a higher ratio, 900 mm height can be considered; the height of the station table is between 850 and 920 mm, and the height of the table in the high greenhouse is 450. 600mm; the length of the workbench should generally consider 1200mm per person (minimum should not be less than 1000mm), the organic chemical test bench should be considered longer, 1400 ~ 1600mm; the height of the reagent rack is between 1200 ~ 1650mm, high cabinet can Up to 1800 ~ 2000mm; the depth of the workbench is generally 750mm, and the depth of the workbench in the high greenhouse is generally between 850 and 900mm.
Laboratory countertop
There are several types of countertop materials currently used:
(1) Epoxy resin: It is mainly composed of reinforced epoxy resin. It has the same internal and external materials. It can be repaired and restored during damage, acid and alkali, impact resistance and high temperature resistance (about 800 ° C). The cost is relatively high.
(2) Corrosion-resistant psychic plate: It is made of high-quality multi-ply paper, immersed in special phenol liquid and formed by high-pressure thermosetting effect, and treated by special surface corrosion resistance. With acid and alkali resistance, impact resistance, heat resistance, economical and durable.
(3) Trespa: 70% wood fiber, 30% melamine resin, double-electron beam scanning technology to attach melamine to the surface layer, high temperature and high pressure molding, high temperature and corrosion resistance.
(4) Corrosion-resistant physical and chemical veneer: It is made of kraft paper, white and special surface paper impregnated with special component phenolic resin by high temperature and high pressure. It is resistant to acid and alkali, impact and heat, but it must be used with the substrate. .
Laboratory fume hood
The fume hood is one of the most commonly used local exhaust devices in the laboratory. It has a wide variety of conditions. Due to its different structure and different conditions, the exhaust effect is different. The performance of the fume hood is good, depending on the speed at which the air moves through the fume hood.
There are five types of fume hoods used in the laboratory:
(1) Item type fume hood: This type of fume hood is characterized by simple structure and convenient manufacture, and is suitable for occasions with heat generation.
(2) Slot type fume hood: The slit type fume hood is provided with exhaust vent slits on the top and rear sides, which can obtain good effects for various working conditions. However, the structure is more complicated and the production is more troublesome.
(3) Bypass-type fume hood: When the laboratory considers the amplitude fume hood to exclude indoor air, it is ideal to use such a fume hood because it does not affect the amount of ventilation in the room when the door is fully closed.
(4) Compensating fume hood: For a laboratory or clean laboratory with an air conditioning system, it is ideal to use this fume hood, which saves energy and does not affect the airflow organization in the room.
(5) Mobile fume hood: In the modern laboratory building, sometimes a general-purpose laboratory (experiment hall) is arranged, in which the experimental workbench, the basin fume hood and other equipment can be moved at any time, and can be pushed when not in use. Into the adjacent storage room. This fume hood should be made of wood, plastic or light metal for movement.
Laboratory cabinet
Laboratory cabinets include medicine cabinets, medicine cabinets, dangerous goods, glassware drying and storage cabinets, clean cabinets, and biological safety cabinets.
(1) Sample cabinet: The sample cabinet for placing various types of experimental samples should have compartments and labelable partitions for easy storage of samples and samples, because some samples are required according to the physical properties and chemical stability of the samples. It is stored in a desiccator, so the compartments are large and small, so that different samples can be stored.
(2) Medicine cabinet: The solid chemical reagent and the standard solution are mainly placed, and the two must be placed in a sorted manner and cannot be mixed together. The chemical reagents placed should be classified and placed for easy searching. At the same time, for safety, the medicine cabinet should be provided with glass doors and windows, and the cabinet should also have certain bearing capacity and corrosion resistance.
(3) Dangerous goods storage cabinet: It is suitable for simple storage and short-term storage of dangerous goods. It is made of stainless steel or refractory brick.
(4) Glassware drying and storage cabinet: After washing, the off-duty utensils are stored on the bracket, and the bracket is fixed with the guide rail to make the glassware easy to access and easy to clean and dry.
(5) Clean cabinet: also known as ultra-clean workbench, widely used in biology, medicine, health, electronics, precision instruments, instruments and other industries to provide a clean, dust-free clean operating environment. According to the flow direction of the gas, the clean cabinet can be divided into horizontal laminar flow and vertical laminar flow. The specifications are single, double, single-sided, double-sided, and can also be used in series.
(6) Biological safety cabinet: widely used in colleges, research institutes, pharmaceutical factories, health and epidemic prevention units, etc. It is the main clean equipment for microbial experiment operation, which can prevent the possible proliferation of toxic and harmful suspended particles and protect the experimental process. The safety of the operator and the environment also protects the sample from contamination during operation.
In addition, safety protection facilities, such as desktop eye washers, safety boxes, etc.; supporting facilities, such as universal exhaust hoods, PP sinks, work benches, etc., need to be determined simultaneously in the laboratory equipment configuration process.
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