It is of great importance to improve the quality of goods because the quality of quality directly affects the value and value of the goods. It is an important factor that determines the efficiency of the use of goods and affects the price of goods. Under the current fierce international competition, many countries are To improve the quality of goods, and strive to win by quality, as a major component of non-price competition, it is one of the important means to strengthen external competition. Therefore, in export trade, continuously improving and improving the quality of export commodities can not only enhance export competitiveness, expand sales, increase sales prices, create more foreign exchange revenue for countries and enterprises, but also increase exports in the international market. Its reputation and reflect the level of science and technology and economic development of exporting countries. In import trade, it strictly controls the quality of imported goods and adapts them to the needs of domestic production and construction, scientific research and consumption. It is to safeguard the interests of the country and the people. , And to ensure that raising the economic efficiency of enterprises is an important issue.
In order to make the quality of import and export commodities to meet the needs of domestic and foreign markets. In the process of production, transportation, storage, and sales of export commodities, it is necessary to strengthen the overall management of quality, and in the course of ordering, transporting, and accepting imported commodities, the quality should be effectively controlled.
Due to the wide variety of commodities in international trade, even in the same commodity, there may be various differences in the quality of the product due to factors such as natural conditions, technology and technological levels, and the use of raw materials. This requires both buyers and sellers to make clear provisions on quality conditions when negotiating contracts.
The quality conditions in the contract constitute an important part of the description of the goods and are the basis for the buyer and the seller to transfer the goods. The British Law on Sale of Goods sets the quality conditions as the requirements of the contract (Conditions of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods) stipulating that the seller must deliver the goods. Compliance with the agreed quality, such as the seller's delivery does not meet the agreed quality conditions, the buyer is entitled to claim damages, but also can request repair or delivery of goods, or even reject the goods and cancel the contract, which further illustrates the importance of quality.
two. The requirements for the quality of import and export commodities
(I) Requirements for Export Commodity Quality
China's export commodities must meet with users and consumers all over the world. In order to meet their needs, we must implement the principle of "distribution based on sales" and adhere to the principle of "quality first" and vigorously improve the quality of export commodities so that they meet The following specific requirements:
1. To determine the quality of export commodities according to the needs of different markets and different consumers. Due to the unbalanced economic development of various countries in the world, the level of production technology, living habits, consumption structure, purchasing power, and hobbies of different nationalities are different from each other. Therefore, we must go from foreign markets. The actual needs of the starting point, do a good job in combination of production and marketing, so that the quality of exports, specifications, colors, patterns, etc. to adapt to the relevant market consumption levels and spending habits.
2. Constantly upgrading and pursuing excellence Products with unstable or unqualified quality should not be easily exported in order to avoid corruption. Even better-quality goods cannot satisfy the status quo. We must continue to improve in the spirit of excellence, improve the quality of exporters, accelerate the replacement, catch up with and influence the world's consumer trends, and enhance the competitiveness of goods in the international market.
3. There are certain statutory regulations and requirements for the quality of imported goods that are applicable to the importing country’s relevant statutory regulations and requirements. Products that do not meet the statutory requirements and requirements are not allowed to be imported or destroyed on the spot. Bear the various expenses caused thereby. We must fully understand the statutory regulations and management systems of all countries on imported goods in order to allow our goods to enter the international market smoothly.
4. Adapting to foreign natural conditions, seasonal changes and sales methods Due to the different natural conditions and seasonal changes in different countries, the sales methods are different, and the quality of goods may change in the process of transportation, handling, storage and sales. Therefore, attention should be paid to the differences in natural conditions, seasonal changes, and sales methods. Grasping the changing rules of commodities in the circulation process and adapting the quality of China’s export commodities to these different requirements will also help enhance the competitiveness of China’s export commodities.
(B) The requirements for the quality of imported goods
The quality of imported goods is directly related to the immediate interests of domestic users and consumers. Products whose quality and specifications do not meet the requirements should not be imported. Products that are urgently needed in domestic production, construction, scientific research and people’s lives should be imported. Than the three, really good quality, so that its quality, specifications are not lower than the actual needs of the country, so as not to affect the country's production and construction and the people's consumption and use. However, it should not exceed the actual domestic needs. Arbitrarily improve the quality and specifications of imported goods so as to avoid unnecessary waste. In short, the requirements for the quality of imported goods must be determined from the actual needs of the country at this stage, and be determined in different circumstances and in a realistic manner.
three. The physical representation of quality in physical representation of quality, including the actual quality of the goods (Actual Quality) and Sample (Sample) are two ways of representation, the former refers to the sale of goods, the latter refers to the sale of samples.
1. When the buyers and the sellers use the goods to see the transaction, the buyer or agent usually first checks the goods at the seller's place where the goods are stored. Once the transaction is concluded, the seller should deliver the goods the other party has examined, as long as the seller delivers the inspection. The buyer must not challenge the quality of the goods.
In international trade, because both parties to the transaction are far away from the two places, the transaction negotiation is mostly carried out by means of correspondence and telecommunications. The buyer goes to the seller's site to inspect the goods for inconvenience. Even if the seller has the spot in hand, the buyer also looks at the goods by the agent, but when looking at the goods, Can not be checked piece by piece, so the use of limited-sale transactions, this practice, and more for consignment, auction and sales operations.
2. Samples bought and sold by samples are usually extracted from a batch of commodities or designed by the production and use departments, and processed to reflect and represent a small amount of physical quality of the entire batch of commodities. Samples are used to represent the quality of the goods and used as delivery. Based on it, it is called "Saale by Sample".
In international trade, according to the sample provider, it can be divided into the following types:
(1) Sellers Sample
The sample provided by the seller is called "seller sample". Where the seller’s sample serves as a basis for the quality of the delivery, it is referred to as “sales sample saleâ€. In this case, the “sales as a seller sample†shall state: “Quality as per sellers sampleâ€. In the future, the quality of the Buld delivered by the seller must be the same as the supplied sample.
(2) Buyers Sample
In order to make the goods ordered by the buyer comply with its own requirements, sometimes the sample is provided to the seller for sample construction. If the seller agrees to deal with the sample provided by the buyer, it is called “buying and buying samplesâ€. In this case, the sales contract should be Ming: "Qulity as buyer sample." In the future, the quality of the goods submitted by the seller must match the buyer's sample.
(3) Counter Sample
In international trade, cautious sellers are often reluctant to undertake transactions with samples delivered by buyers in order to avoid the buyer’s risk of incurring claims or even returns due to inconsistency between the quality of the delivery and the buyer’s sample. In this case, the seller can use the samples provided by the buyer. , the processing duplicates a similar sample and submits the purchaser's confirmation that this confirmed sample, referred to as the "peer sample" or "return sample" also has a "confirming sample" (Confirming Sample) when the equivalent sample is bought by the buyer. After confirmation, the quality of the goods delivered by the seller in the future must be based on the equivalent sample.
In addition, buyers and sellers often use the method of sending samples to each other in order to develop trade relations and enhance the understanding of each other's goods. Samples sent for the purpose of introducing the goods are best marked "for reference only." ) to avoid confusion with standard samples.
(b) Demonstrate quality with instructions
The so-called expression of quality refers to the use of text, graphics, photos, etc. to illustrate the quality of the transaction of goods, in this type of quality of representation methods, can be subdivided into the following categories:
1. Sale by Specification
Product specification refers to some main indicators that reflect the quality of a product, such as chemical composition, purity, performance, capacity, length, and length. In international trade, when buyers and sellers negotiate transactions, they are suitable for commodity sales. Specific specifications should be provided to describe the basic quality of the product. In the contract, the specification of the quality of the product will be different depending on the product. When the product is the same product, the specification will be used for different purposes. There is also a difference. Because of this method of expressing quality, it is clear and specific, simple and easy to implement, so it is widely used in international trade.
2. Sale by Grade
Grade goods refer to the same category of goods. According to the differences in specifications, they are divided into several grades with different qualities.
When buying and selling by grade, because different grades of goods have different specifications, in order to facilitate the performance of the contract and avoid disputes, it is better to specify the specific specifications of each grade together with the grades listed in the quality clause.
The above-mentioned method of expressing quality has a certain role in simplifying procedures, facilitating transactions, and embodying price-based pricing.
3. Sale by Standard (Sales by Standard)
The standards of commodities refer to the standardization of commodity specifications and grades, and the standards of commodities, some of which are stipulated by the competent authorities of the state or the relevant government, and also stipulated by trade associations, exchanges, or international business organizations, and some commodities are used to standard sales. People often use some kind of standard as a basis to explain and evaluate the quality of a product.
Some of the various standards used in international trade are legally binding. Any commodity that does not meet the standard requirements cannot be imported or exported. However, there are also some standards that do not have legal binding force. They are only for reference by both sides of the transaction. When buyers and sellers negotiate deals, they can agree on specific requirements for quality.
In international trade, for some agricultural and sideline products that have large changes in quality and difficult to specify uniform standards, the term “Fair Average Quality†(FAQ) is often used to denote quality. The so-called “good average quality†is Refers to the average quality level of exported goods in a certain period of time, generally refers to medium goods, in the actual business of our country, the use of FAQ to explain the quality, generally refers to the Dalu goods, while indicating the major road cargo, usually also agreed specifically Specifications as a basis for quality.
4. Sale by Description and Design (Sale by Descriptions)
In international trade, there are some technology-intensive products such as machines, appliances, and meters. Due to the complex structure, strict requirements on materials and design, there are more data to illustrate the performance, it is difficult to use a few simple indicators to show the quality of the entire picture, and some products, even if their names are the same, but due to the use of materials Some differences in design and manufacturing techniques may also lead to functional differences. Therefore, for the quality of this kind of goods, usually the specification and drawings, photographs, design drawings, analysis tables and various data are used to describe the specific performance and structural characteristics. Trading in this way is known as buying and selling with instructions and drawings. According to this method of expressing quality, the goods delivered by the seller must meet the requirements of the specification and drawings, but due to the high technical requirements for such products. Products that sometimes conform to specifications and drawings may not be able to perform the required performance of the design when used. To protect their own interests, the buyer often requires that the seller’s quality assurance terms and technical service terms be added to the sales contract.
5. Trade Mard means a producer or trader