In the process of petroleum exploration, development, refining, storage and transportation, due to accidents or operational errors, crude oil or oil is discharged from the job site or reservoir to the ground, water, beach or ocean. Oil spill. Oil spill also refers to the overflow of other types of hydrocarbons such as household heating oil, heavy residue oil and organic solvents such as benzene and hexane.
Due to the different types of substances spilled and the different densities, the thickness of the oil film formed is not exactly the same. The light oil has a large diffusion area and the oil film formed is thin; while the oil film formed by the heavy oil is thick, and the thickness can be several centimeters. According to the characteristics of the oil film layer, the empirical method, that is, the visual estimation can be used to determine the oil spill amount.
Visual assessment to determine the amount of oil spilled
Surface oil film characteristics | Oil spill / ( t · km -2 ) |
Just recognizable oil film | 0.22 |
Silvery white | 0.50 |
Bright colored oil band | 1.60 |
Dark brown oil band | 5.00 |
Dark brown oil band | 10.0 |
Comparison of oil spill emergency monitoring and disposal methods
( 1 ) Emergency monitoring method
   1 The water sample must be representative. When only the emulsified state and dissolved oil in the water are measured, the oil film floating on the water surface should be avoided. Generally, water samples are taken from 20 to 50 cm below the surface of the water. To collect together with the oil film, pay attention to the depth of the water, the thickness of the oil film and the coverage area.
   2 The sampling bottle should be a wide-mouth fixed-capacity (such as 500mL or 1000mL ) clean glass bottle, clean with solvent, do not wash with soap; every time sampling, water sample should be loaded to the marking line, the water sample collection should be based on water Depending on the concentration of the oil and the analytical method used, it is contained in 2 to 3 bottles for parallel sample determination.
   3 Before collecting the sample, add sulfuric acid [ 5 mL of ( 1+1 ) sulfuric acid per liter of water sample ] to suppress the microbial activity. If it can not be analyzed on the same day, it can be stored at a low temperature of 4 °C. Treatment and determination: 500 mL of water sample was placed in an extraction flask, 20 mL of carbon tetrachloride was added, and after shaking for 2 minutes , the carbon tetrachloride was passed through an adsorption column, placed in a quartz cuvette, and the statistical value was determined. Then check the concentration value from the standard curve.
On-site measurement generally uses an infrared oil detector.
The analytical methods brought back to the laboratory include gas chromatography, GC-MS , ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, etc., which are most widely used by infrared spectrophotometry.
(2) Disposal method
1 oil boom method
2 mechanical oil slinger method
3 adsorbent method
4 dispersant method
5 settling agent method
6 solidification method
7 combustion method
The above various methods have preconditions when used. For example, the combustion method can quickly eliminate large area oil stains, and the removal rate is high, but it is only suitable for the initial oil spill, the oil layer is thick, and the water content is less than 20 % ~ 30 %. Otherwise it will not burn.
(3) Comparison of common methods
The mechanical recovery method: generally recovers 33 % ~ 67 %, up to 80 %, requires the use of multiple vessels, skimmers and transport tools, and also needs to be equipped with corresponding oil storage equipment, which is costly.
Using the dispersant method: a helicopter can carry 19,000 L of dispersant, the efficiency is 50 % ~ 70 %, the price is medium.
Combustion method: the oil is surrounded by a 500m fire-proof oil boom, the incineration rate is 95 %, and it can be completed by helicopter in the air, which can be completed within 1h , and the cost is the lowest.
This article is edited and edited by Yingnuo Instruments
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